Brain neurons secrete chemicals {neurohormone} that affect other neurons more slowly than neurotransmitters. Neurohormones can cause signal pattern from neuron group [McEwen, 1976].
Circulating vasoconstrictor molecules {angiotensin} can bind to presynaptic noradrenergic nerve terminals. Kidney renin enzyme changes angiotensinogen to angiotensin.
Bone proteins {bone morphogenetic proteins} regulate whether neural precursors become neurons or glia.
Brain releases peptides {bradykinin} in response to injury to stimulate neurons.
Hormones {brain-derived neurotrophic factor} (BDNF) can increase NMDA-receptor phosphate binding and can develop immature sympathetic and sense neurons and glia.
Most endocrine-hormone or neurotransmitter gastrointestinal-system peptides {gut-brain peptide} {brain-gut peptide} {brain-gut axis} are also brain hormones or neurotransmitters. Most gastrointestinal system peptide receptors are also in brain. Brain and gut peptides include bombesin, cholecystokinin (CCK), gastrin, motilin, neurotensin, pancreatic polypeptide, secretin, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP).
Medullary-motor-nuclei transmitters {calcitonin-gene-related peptide} (CGRP) can regulate phenotypic expression.
brain peptide {carnosine}.
Glycoproteins {neurotrophin} {cell adhesion molecule} (CAM) {axon guidance molecule} can guide growing nerve processes to appropriate target neurons. Hormones develop immature neurons and glia. For example, neurotrophin-3 increases oligodendrocyte number. 1,1-CAM protein helps begin myelination.
Peptides {cholecystokinin} (CCK) can cause satiation by binding to solitary tract nucleus (NTS) receptors, enhances dopamine actions, and is in gut, cerebral cortex, medulla oblongata, solitary tract nucleus, and ventral midbrain.
Hormones {ciliary neurotrophic factor} (CNTF) can decrease immature neuron and glia death and supports eye ciliary-ganglion parasympathetic neuron survival. Perhaps, CNTF is survival or trophic factor, mitogen, or transmitter-regulating factor for other neurons.
Brain hormones {circulating hormone}, such as angiotensin, calcitonin, glucagon, and insulin, can release into blood.
Three genetically different endorphin peptide families are proopiomelanocortin (POMC), proenkephalins, and prodynorphin {dynorphin}. Dynorphin peptides act like opioids. Gut, posterior pituitary, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and brainstem make prodynorphin. Leucine-enkephalin leads to dynorphin. Dynorphin in nucleus accumbens neurons inhibits VTA neurons and so reduces dopamine.
Hormones {galanin} can be in basal forebrain and hypothalamus.
Brain and gut peptide hormones {gastrin}| can control stomach secretion.
Hormones {glial growth factor-2} (GGF-2) can increase glia number.
Hormones {glial-derived neurotrophic factor} (GDNF) {glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor} can make new axon branches in motor neurons.
Hormones {gonadotropin-releasing hormone} can release gonadotropin in hypothalamus.
Hormones {growth-hormone-releasing hormone} can release growth hormone in hypothalamus.
Hypophysis makes oxytocin, neurophysins, and vasopressin {hypophyseal hormone} {neurohypophyseal hormone}.
Hormones {hypothalamic releasing hormones} can release hormones, such as growth-hormone-releasing, gonadotropin-releasing, and luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormones, from hypothalamus.
Hormones {insulin-like growth factor} (IGF-1) can help develop immature neurons and glia.
Peptides {kyotorphin} can act as opioids.
Hormones {lipotropin} can be from pituitary.
Norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin {monoamine}| are slow-acting neuromodulators, come from brainstem, and affect arousal and sleep.
Peptides {motilin} can be in gut and cerebellum.
Hormones {nerve growth factor} (NGF) can go into sympathetic-neuron and sense-neuron axon terminals and transport to cell body, where it increases transmitter levels. Olfactory bulb, cerebellum, and striatum make nerve growth factor and nerve growth factor receptor.
enzyme
In hippocampal neurons, NGF increases choline acetyltransferase (CAT), which synthesizes acetylcholine and can reverse poor spatial memory.
disease
NTRK1 gene makes neurotrophin tyrosine kinase receptor type 1. NTRK1 gene mutation causes rare autosomal recessive disease (CIPA) with pain insensitivity, no sweating, self-mutilation, fever, and mental retardation.
Molecules {netrin} attract and repel axons to guide axon directions.
Peptides {neuropeptide} can have high concentrations in nervous-system regions and low concentrations in other cells and organs. Neuropeptides include brain-gut peptides, circulating hormones, hypothalamic releasing hormones, neurohypophyseal hormones, opioid peptides, pituitary hormones, bradykinin, carnosine, epidermal growth factor (EGF), neuropeptide Y, proctolin, and substance K. Brain hormones, such as opioids, act slowly [McEwen, 1976].
Peptides {neuropeptide Y} (NPY) can be in cerebral cortex and medulla oblongata. Arcuate-nucleus appetite region sends neuropeptide Y to second appetite region.
Hypophysis makes nerve hormones {neurophysin}.
Steroids {neurosteroid} can induce sleep, be analgesic at high concentration, and come from cholesterol or progesterone.
Peptides {neurotensin} can be in gut, hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, medulla oblongata, retina, solitary tract nucleus, and ventral midbrain.
Hormones {notch growth factor} can regulate whether neural precursors become neurons or glia.
Macrophages make protein {oncomodulin} that regenerates nerve.
Peptides {pancreatic polypeptide} can be in brain and gut.
Peptides {peptide hormone}, such as endorphins and enkephalins, can produce slower effects than neurotransmitters and come from 20% of inhibitory cells. Enzymatic hydrolysis inactivates such peptides, so they do not reabsorb into synaptic terminals or glial cells [McEwen, 1976].
Pituitary hormones {pituitary hormone} are alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha MSH), corticotropin (ACTH), growth hormone (GH), lipotropin, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, somatotropin, and thyrotropin.
Hormones {presenilin} can decrease neural stem-cell division.
Peptides {proctolin} can be in brain.
Peptides {secretin} can be in brain and gut.
Molecules {semaphorin} can attract and repel axons to guide axon directions.
Thalamus, cortex, and hippocampus hormones {somatostatin} (SS) can mimic hypothalamus sympathetic-neuron substance-P regulation. Somatostatin treats diabetes.
Hormones {somatotropin} can be in pituitary.
Hormones {sonic hedgehog growth factor} {sonic hedgehog gene} can regulate immature-neuron cell division. Sonic hedgehog gene activates pathway that affects central-nervous-system development.
Peptides {substance K} can be in brain.
Proteins {survival motor neuron proteins} can preserve motor neurons.
4-Zoology-Organ-Nerve-Neural Chemical
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Date Modified: 2022.0225